Dear Editor,
We agree with the broad reasoning and conclusions of Dr. Frapaise in his manuscript The End of Phase 3 Clinical Trials in Biosimilars Development? [1], that it is time to evolve the evidentiary basis for approval of most biosimilars away from a requirement for powered clinical efficacy studies and wish to add the following comments to his discussion.
Dr. Frapaise cites the potential opportunity to save development resources as the major benefit of discontinuing large trials. We agree with this conclusion, although his quoted saving of “at least US$50 million for a 600-patient trial” may be overstated—typically, these studies recruit 200–400 patients per group at a per patient cost of about $US44,100 [2], giving a study cost in the range of $US17.6–35.3 million. These figures accord reasonably well with those found by the Eastern Research Group [3] for the US Department of Health and Human Services. Of course, there are variables within these costs, which may not arise for other types of studies, including the cost of obtaining a sufficient and uniform supply of reference biologic, but we do not believe such costs would inflate the total by more than $US10 million.
However, we believe an even more significant reason exists to discontinue most of these studies, and that is that they lack scientific validity because their outcome with regard to biosimilarity is not in doubt. Without scientific validity, there is no ethical validity [4]. The insensitivity of the chosen equivalence margins to the relatively minor differences, mostly in post-translational modifications, between a biosimilar candidate and its reference that have been shown to be closely similar in earlier studiesFootnote 1 means they can be reliably predicted to be equivalent in powered efficacy studies. We are not aware of any exceptions to this rule, with over 40 biosimilars now approved in the EU, applications for 35 of which included clinical efficacy data. Indeed, this accords with the regulatory experience of thousands of comparability evaluations of biologics after manufacturing changes [5], where regulators have very rarely required clinical studiesFootnote 2. In addition, others have noted [6] the futility of trying to evaluate the clinical equivalence of biologics when they are just one part of a complex drug regimen.
We contend that this is an issue that should concern regulators, because it is clearly not defensible to require studies that do not contribute new information towards the evaluation of the product. But also, sponsors often conduct comparative efficacy studies because they believe that the data will facilitate marketing to clinicians, yet ultimately this practice undermines the fundamental analytical basis of biosimilarity [7]. While this may have been a reasonable rationale some years ago, when biosimilars represented a new concept with which few clinicians were familiar or supportive, this is no longer the case. We do not believe that marketing convenience justifies the conducting of unethical studies.
Finally, applications submitted to FDA must comply with the strict language of the biosimilars’ law [8]. When Congress amended the law to create a legal pathway for the approval of generic drugs (the Hatch-Waxman Amendments) [9], it was concerned that FDA’s regulatory burden upon generic drug sponsors should be the minimum necessary to both encourage the use of the pathway and ensure the availability of safe and effective generic products. Therefore, after describing the data to be submitted in a generic drug application in very specific terms, Congress took the rare step of legally restraining a federal agency by adding the following statement to the law:
The SecretaryFootnote 3 may not require that an abbreviated application contain information in addition to that required by clauses (i) through (viii).
In creating the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, it is evident that Congress had a similar intent, which is reflected in the language of the law describing the data to be submitted in an application for a biosimilar [10]:
(cc) a clinical study or studies (including the assessment of immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics) that are sufficient to demonstrate safety, purity, and potency in 1 or more appropriate conditions of use for which the reference product is licensed and intended to be used and for which licensure is sought for the biological product [emphasis added]
As in Hatch-Waxman, the plain language of the law expresses Congress’s intent that the development process for biosimilars should be as efficient as possible, such that the required clinical studies should not exceed those strictly required (“sufficient”) to demonstrate biosimilarity. Since these data will vary, case by case, the law provides FDA the regulatory discretion to assess the necessity for clinical studies on the same basis and not require them routinely for all biosimilars. This is particularly necessary for efficacy studies, given their limited sensitivity to small differences in the structure and composition of the biosimilar candidate and its reference. As such, we believe that a careful assessment must be made by both sponsor and regulators as to the potential value of any clinical study before it is undertaken.
Notes
Analytical and in vitro functional studies, human pharmacokinetic and immunogenicity studies; perhaps pharmacodynamic studies if there is a suitable pharmacodynamic marker.
Dr. Janet Woodcock, Deputy Commissioner and Chief Medical Officer, FDA, testified before the US Congress House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform on ‘Follow-on Protein Products’, March 26, 2007 (testimony at https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm154070.htm). During the question-and-answer session, Dr. Woodcock stated that, in FDA experience, when biologics’ sponsors use a comparability approach to justify manufacturing changes to biologics, clinical data are required in not more than 1–2% of cases, if that.
The Secretary of Health and Human Services, as represented by FDA.
References
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C. J. Webster consulted for Sandoz US Inc. for a single mock FDA Advisory Committee for a single biosimilar product during 2017. G. R. Woollett has no conflicts of interest.
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Webster, C.J., Woollett, G.R. Comment on “The End of Phase 3 Clinical Trials in Biosimilars Development?”. BioDrugs 32, 519–521 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-018-0297-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40259-018-0297-y